Photograph: Zishan SheikhPhotograph: Zishan SheikhPhotograph: Zishan Sheikh


Name of Monument:

Madrasa and Mosque of Sultan Hasan

Location:

The building is located at the Citadel Square, Cairo, Egypt

Date of Monument:

Hegira 764 / AD 1362

Architect(s) / master-builder(s):

Muhammad ibn Bailick al-Muhseini, the chief architectural designer of his day, supervised construction of the building. He placed his name after that of the sultan on the inscription band inside the Hanafi Madrasa.

Period / Dynasty:

Mamluk

Patron(s):

Sultan Hasan ibn al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, who ruled twice (AH 748–52 / AD 1347–51 and AH 755–62 / AD 1354–61).

Description:

This building combines strength and splendour, elegance and beauty, as well as a multiplicity of decoration. One of the building's most prominent features is the principal, northern, façade that extends to about 145 m in length and reaches a height of 38 m. The façade consists of a variety of stone and marble decoration and ends at the top with a splendid and exquisite cornice, consisting of nine tiers of minute muqarnas which resemble a honeycomb. This façade includes a towering portal, considered among the most imposing entrances to an Islamic building in Egypt. The portal is characterised by an arched ceiling which is a semi-dome decorated with a superb series of muqarnas tiers. Influenced by Seljuq architecture (AH 429–590 / AD 1038–1194), it belongs to an era when entrances were distinguished by lavish decoration.
Two minarets, the older being the southern minaret at 81.60 m high, top the eastern façade of the building. Both minarets consist of a square base followed by two octagonal stories in the manner of Mamluk minarets. The minarets were renovated in the 20th century.
The floor plan of the building is polygonal with a surface area of 7,906 sq m; the longest side is 150 m in length, and the shortest 68 m. The building is made from stone and consists of a central open courtyard in the middle of which is an ablutions fountain. The courtyard is surrounded by four iwans which constitute the mosque proper. In each corner of the building, is a madrasa, each of which specialised in teaching one of the four schools of Muslim religious jurisprudence (fiqh). The madrasas were accessed through doors located in the corners of the four iwans. Each madrasa consisted of a central courtyard, in the middle of which a fountain and an iwan stood, as well as three floors which included student residential quarters. The building was influenced by the phenomenon of building madrasas, where the goal was to teach religion according to the Sunni schools of law, delving deep into the knowledge and teaching of Islam. Such madrasas prevailed particularly during the Seljuq and Atabeg periods, of which the Madrasa of Nur al-Din Mahmud in Damascus is another example.
It should be noted that the qibla iwan is the largest iwan of the mosque, and that it is spanned by an enormous pointed vault. The iwan overlooks the courtyard by means of an arch, the largest arch set over an iwan in Egypt. This iwan includes a number of splendours of Islamic art, for its walls are panelled with coloured stone and marble, the upper parts of which boasts a band of stucco decoration, that consists of an inscription based on Qur'anic verses in kufic script on a floriated background, the style of which is rarely seen. The iwan also includes a decorated mihrab ornamented with polychrome marble and gilded inscriptions, considered to be one of the most beautiful mihrabs in Egypt.
The building includes a mausoleum that is rich in decoration and within which the son of the builder, Shihab Ahmad (d. AH 788 / AD 1386) is buried. The mausoleum is square in form, its sides measuring 21 m in length, and it is covered by a dome 48 m high. The marble mihrab in this mausoleum is embellished with detailed geometric decoration in marble mosaic.
When Sultan Hasan died in AH 762 / AD 1361, the building was almost complete except for some supplementary works that were completed by Bashir al-Jamdar. These works comprised the execution of the marble wall revetment and the marble floors, the dome of the fountain in the courtyard (completed in AH 766 / AD 1364) and the two great door-leafs belonging to the copper doors that can now be found in the Mosque of al-Mu'ayyad Sheikh. The building of the mausoleum was completed in AH 764 / AD 1362.

View Short Description

This building combines strength and colossal dimensions with elegance, beauty and a variety of decoration. Its majestic portal, rising 36.7 m high, is one of the greatest in Islamic Cairene architecture. The building contains a madrasa (school) for each of the four schools of jurisprudence, accessed through a door in the corner of each of the four iwans. Each madrasa consists of a courtyard with a fountain in its centre, an iwan and floors including residential quarters for the students.

How Monument was dated:

The building was dated based on a number of epigraphic inscriptions: on the door of the Hanafi Madrasa in the courtyard; another inside the mausoleum and, finally, on the building's two great copper door leafs, which were removed by Sultan al-Mu'ayyad Sheikh (r. AH 815–24 / AD 1412–21) to his mosque. One of the inscriptions gives the date of construction.

Selected bibliography:

Abd al-Wahab, H., Tarikh al-Masajid al-Athariya bil Qahira [History of Monumental Mosques in Cairo], Cairo, 1994.
Creswell, K. A. C., The Origin of the Cruciform Plan of the Cairene Madrasas, Cairo, 1922.
Herz, M., La Mosquèe du Sultan Hassan au Caire, Cairo, 1899.
Hillenbrand, R., Islamic Art and Architecture, London, 1999.
Najib, Muhammad M., “Nazra Jadida ala al-Nidham al-Mi'mari lil Madares al-Muta'ameda Khilal al-'asr al-Mamluki [A New Point of View on the Architectural Plan of Cruciform Madrasas during the Mamluk Period]”, Majalat Kuliyat al-Athar [Journal of the College of Archaeology], Cairo, 1978.

Citation of this web page:

Tarek Torky "Madrasa and Mosque of Sultan Hasan" in Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers, 2024. 2024. https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;eg;Mon01;16;en

Prepared by: Tarek TorkyTarek Torky

Tarek Abdel Aziz Torky holds a BA in Islamic and Coptic Antiquities from Cairo University (1982). He is currently Head of the Statistics Department at the Information Centre of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and reporter of the committee set up to prepare for the celebrations of the centennial of the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo. As Expo Curator for the Discover Islamic Art project in Egypt he prepared the database information for the Egyptian monuments included in the project and participated in formulating the dynastic and cross-dynastic exhibitions. He has participated in the first phase of the Islamic Art in the Mediterranean project as product manager and prepared the texts and photos for the catalogue Mamluk Art: the Splendour and Magic of the Sultans (MWNF, 2001). In 2002 he obtained a scholarship for Med. Master on new technologies for valorisation and management of Mediterranean Cultural Heritage in Ravello, Salerno.

Copyedited by: Majd Musa
Translation by: Amal Sachedina (from the Arabic).
Translation copyedited by: Mandi GomezMandi Gomez

Amanda Gomez is a freelance copy-editor and proofreader working in London. She studied Art History and Literature at Essex University (1986–89) and received her MA (Area Studies Africa: Art, Literature, African Thought) from SOAS in 1990. She worked as an editorial assistant for the independent publisher Bellew Publishing (1991–94) and studied at Bookhouse and the London College of Printing on day release. She was publications officer at the Museum of London until 2000 and then took a role at Art Books International, where she worked on projects for independent publishers and arts institutions that included MWNF’s English-language editions of the books series Islamic Art in the Mediterranean. She was part of the editorial team for further MWNF iterations: Discover Islamic Art in the Mediterranean Virtual Museum and the illustrated volume Discover Islamic Art in the Mediterranean.

True to its ethos of connecting people through the arts, MWNF has provided Amanda with valuable opportunities for discovery and learning, increased her editorial experience, and connected her with publishers and institutions all over the world. More recently, the projects she has worked on include MWNF’s Sharing History Virtual Museum and Exhibition series, Vitra Design Museum’s Victor Papanek and Objects of Desire, and Haus der Kulturen der Welt’s online publication 2 or 3 Tigers and its volume Race, Nation, Class.

MWNF Working Number: ET 16

RELATED CONTENT

 Artistic Introduction

 Timeline for this item

Islamic Dynasties / Period

Mamluks


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